Preamble: why is there in the Middle East non-violent struggle _dagezi

Non-violent struggle, not always with the world this is called the place in the Middle East. Recently there's research has shown that non-violent means almost played worldwide. This book attempts to Arab countries and non-violent political struggles to make a preliminary examination. We hope that this will be the improvement of people about what kind of talent to the world culture contribute to the development of the traditional concept of a necessary first step. Currently, the Middle East want to want to be violent areas of it can be said here of like everywhere in the desert. Middle East for the importance of world politics have made this region historically inevitable by the powers of intervention. Contemporary, modern logic contributed to this area of social and economic change. These factors have had under the different community organization leaders of different struggles. These struggles always evolve into violent conflicts, which stretches, and in their most precious human and material resources. Middle East (including the Arab world, Israel, Iran, Afghanistan, Turkey) is less than 10 per cent of the world's population who live, but in the past 40 years but has accounted for 20% of the armed conflict in the world. In the recent world today 40 war, there were seven field in the Middle East. These conflicts for mankind suffering and huge losses will be described later. Middle East potential armed conflict is the region for global politics is of critical importance. It is located at a strategic crossroads of life and death. Three continents, oceans (the Indian Ocean and Atlantic), five sea (Eastern Mediterranean, Red Sea, Arabian Sea, the Aegean Sea, Black Sea), five waterway (Strait of Hormuz, Strait of mand, Bosporus, the Strait of Gibraltar, the Suez Canal). Historically, nearly every Empire's creator, from Alexander to contemporary country, all efforts to control the area. Middle East due to geographical factors that woe is the region's historical results of comprehensive role, history to its world-famous civilization, all monotheistic religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Their local glories and sacred enabling them to visit this area extremely important strategic importance, with a full sense of religious fervor. In the past, the Middle East, economic resources and not more than the rest of the world, Mesopotamia, Persia, Rome and the region as the granary of the world, the end of the invasion, drain the land, then swallowed up by the desert. However to the beginning of the century. There is a discovery for the Middle East has very profound additional importance. Given that nearly half of the world's oil production, more than one-third of the world's oil reserves, the region became the United States, former President Eisenhower's words, the world's most valuable assets of the point. Recently, in particular the October 1973 Arab-Israeli war, the region has a substantial financial strength. In this 20 years, depending on the export of oil and gas, this region has reached 3000 billion each year an extra level of income. Ambitious development plan and unlimited growth potential makes this region into the world's largest all can imagine of commodity markets, from children's toys to destruction. The Middle East is the sensitivity of the interference of external forces making it more importance to a complex of blessing. Since the 17th century, the rise in international political figures have been trying to enters and control of the area. In this "follow the leader" of the political game, Portugal, Spain, United Kingdom, France, Italy and Germany has conducted a series of bi-directional conflict with each other in this region to combat areas of influence, but also for colonization and fighting with the locals. After World War II, as previous winners in this region, replacing the original MMC end of colonial rule, each superpower to directly or through agents of this tool control Middle East Affairs. Recent events have demonstrated the Middle East was the inevitable sexual interference. In the fall of 1987, the two superpowers and three powerful countries (France and Italy), sea and air forces are very vigilant and active into the Persian Gulf, East coast of the Strait of Hormuz and the Eastern Mediterranean region. 1986 United States to "punish" and attacked Libya, the supply of weapons to Iran secret (by the Reagan Administration severely shaken by the controversial) just to the one year after the attack and destruction of Iran's sea vessels. In the early 1980s, the United States, France and Italy from the army in 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon late already stationed in the country, they give here the armed conflict has brought the tragic effects. In the 1970s, the Middle East just witnessed the two superpowers similar intrusion, in 1973, the Israeli-Palestinian war almost evolved as a nuclear confrontation. These are just recently innumerable large forces to interfere in the middle of several live examples. In fact, the interference as a coherent political, military and economic process is more standards-compliant. In addition, although they happened a few years after he publicly admitted, but the dark secrets of the importance of the action are not less than the process. This open and secret intervention at the same time showed that the importance and sensitivity of the area. It also strengthened in the contemporary international system, play an important influence on power and wealth of greed, desire. World powers in the strength of the political and economic desire in history are not uncommon. On expansion and domination of pursuit for each country for the will to impose its will on small and weak countries. Although it is located in different regions of the world, but all have the same importance. However, not every country are so sensitive, the Middle East for violent conflict sensitivity and not just from the powers of the policy, the international structure of factors also contributed to the regional socio-economic and political changes. The colonial heritage of society in the Middle East has been hampered and distorting it from traditional to modern, makes this process has not yet completed. From 7 to 17 th century, this area of the power centre from Mecca and Medina to Damascus, Baghdad, Cairo, Istanbul, but Islam and Arabic far-reaching effects has this area most of the creation of a social and cultural unit. Quite far-reaching social and political structure of the local community development and perfection of a unifiedFor many people living in the region. Although local rise and fall of an empire or dynasty led the region's unique international conflicts, but their duration is short, on a limited scale, swift reconciliation. The coexistence of traditional Middle East relations was made the Western intrusion was broken. Since then, armed conflict has become increasingly fierce, bloody, more sustained and more difficult to control and resolution. One of the main Western domination consequences was to make the Balkans into many countries that previously did not exist. The rows of the Ottoman Empire, finally successful in local Islamic Empire, also Western forces capture, and in accordance with the purpose to the West's own transformation. For example, the fertile Crescent, in history, its economy is dominated by the Damascus and Baghdad, and is now split into Palestine, France, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and Iraq. Worse, these new countries of the edge is the power to rule on this region and in contention in the rush of arbitrary demarcation. These countries of local people, such as the Palestinian people, and ultimately also for those who are here to establish a colony of immigrants such as Israel's people make space. In Kurdistan, a generation of living in this community were forced to spread to the whole Turkey, Iraq, Syria and the Soviet Union. Similar rate in the Middle East and other regions also happened, such as the Arabian Peninsula, the Nile Valley, North Africa. Many of the new country was after World War II and the colonial forces and severing ties to independence. As they are created, they are always due to suffer from multiple sufferings be condemned. First, in the Middle East countries in the great difference and imbalances. Some countries is the world's smallest (Bahrain, Djibouti), others can live in a world area group of countries (Jordan, Saudi Arabia), some of the large population of up to 500 000 (Egypt, Turkey, Iran), some are less than 50 million people. Arab Emirates, per capita income, up to 2 million, and this is in stark contrast, Somalia was only $ 200, is the world's poorest regions. In addition to these surface differences, these new countries also face a fundamental challenge: their past traditions and needs of modern society, in addition, there are economic development issues; the national characteristics of the new generation of developmental; beyond blood, tribal, local and ethnic loyalties; independent defence; the creation of the modern system. Similarly to these emerging countries is due to the fact that only part (the nation) of the population in general legitimacy because these countries expect people to give them support, through the empowerment of citizens ' roles and their dissatisfaction with further weakened the regime that has been volatile. However, the foundation of the new countries, weak (as well as its ruling class) has been remedied, they deal with new and legacy of difficulties when it is successful or is reasonable. Unfortunately, their achievements and expectations still have a long distance, so that foreign forces in the future conflict is inevitable in the international order of weaknesses. There is also a long list of external forces in the Middle East to provoke a violent conflict list. In the colonial wars of the last years, Algeria, Morocco France interference, Tunisia, Lebanon, Syria and Egypt (1945-1946), the United Kingdom intervention in Palestine, Egypt and South Yemen (1945-1967). Recently, the United States are also involved in a number of columns in the conflict, as in Lebanon (1958, 1982-1984), Libya (1985), Iran (1980) and the Persian Gulf (1987-1988). Similarly, the Soviet Union's occupation of Afghanistan war (1980-1988) to participate in a bloody war. Imposed to Middle East local people head for the border between the countries often make new outbreak of the conflict. The most striking and most lasting conflict confrontation, as in the Palestinian territories, this tradition has established a country Israel. The approval of the United States and Britain, the formation of the new countries and the subsequent arrival of Jewish immigrants, causing the majority of Palestinians homeless. Arab neighbors on the new State of resistance to this region into a still very intense conflicts. At the fifth meeting of the Arab-Israeli war (1948-1949, 1956, 1967, 1973, 1987), the Arab countries not only trying to regain the territories occupied by Israel, but also to recover the loss of the right of the Palestinians. In addition, since 1967, the Israelis in the occupied territories was the continuation of the conflict, such as the Jordan River in the West Bank, Gaza Strip, the Golan Heights. Also, Israel invaded Lebanon in 1982 by two countries continue to violent conflict. In the past 40 years, the Arab-Israeli conflict has made nearly 25 million people were killed and 3 times the people maimed or injured, mostly Arab supporters. And Palestinian conflict also has dramatic is Iran and Iraq war. From 1980 to 1988, approximately 100 million people in this war, and disabling injuries is two times more. Chemical weapons were used to civilization, was destroyed during the war, estimates of merchant shipping had caused material damage of 2000 billion. In addition and as the Arab-Israeli conflict, the Iran-Iraq war makes big forces involved. United States warships in the Persian Gulf, often parked and Iran conflict. Russian warships in the Indian Ocean cruising around. More recently, Middle Eastern countries not so intense conflict and Syria and Lebanon, South Yemen and northern Yemen, Sudan and Ethiopia and Libya and Chad, Algeria and Morocco. Recent 30 years of other examples include Egypt and Saudi issues around Yemen, Somalia and Ethiopia, Egypt and Libya, Algeria and Morocco are the same. All these are in the colonial period of problems unresolved and legacy. Civil war showed the area a more significant types of collective violence. These conflicts are mostly around the sectarian and ethnic issues, the most famous of hostilities in Lebanon, Sudan and Iraq. Lebanon's civil war, to write the book already 15 years, but to the 1987 April 13 million people were killed and 15 million people were injured, three million people are reported to have been abducted or simply disappeared, material losses estimated at US $ 50 billion, and currently in stockCurrency devaluation was difficult to imagine. In addition it is said that more than 100 million people, fully one-third of the country's population, forced to leave their homes. The Sudanese civil war from the country gained independence in 1956 when the indirection of broke, the root causes of conflict is of national identity and the Arabs-dominated Northern and non-Arab-dominated South in rights and allocation of resources. There is no precise figures detailing the extent of the loss of life and property is valid. And thorange county personal injury attorney e civil war in Lebanon, Sudan is also mixed with external interference. In the latest round of fighting, a severe drought that millions of starving people to join the tens of thousands of war casualties. And Sudan, Iraq civil war sign in the 1960s continuously flashes. Since the early colonist incursions in five separate and mutually hostile to the State in the territory of the Kurdish people of the land, Iraq and in the Kurdish minority conflicts were external interference. There is no precise figures on the war much loss of life and property. At present, the world's no area of violent conflict in number compared to the Middle East. Over the past 40 years, armed conflict, it is said that at least have made 3 million people were killed, tens of thousands of people were injured and homeless. No home no State, these victims on the control of injury and violence, including acts of terrorism have become very sensitive. The Middle East have resulted in the entire world to buy and use destruction weaponry for the Holocaust. In the early 80 's, this area every year, the level of military spending exceeded $ 100 billion. If such violation is justified, the argument must be that the conflict has been resolved. But ironic is that this in fact is not in the Middle East. Recently four decades of violent conflict is not a matter to be resolved through violent means. But there is one small part of the example is reached through non-violent struggle. A case in point is Sadat President for peace in 1977 initiated on the Palestinian-Israeli conflict of part of the progressive relaxation. 1980-Iraq ceasefire is diplomatic efforts for the success of another example. In addition, the area between a number of international non-violent means of conflict is also adopted has been resolved. This also included the 1946 and 1985 the Sudan People's uprising to overthrow the military twice dictatorship. Some countries in the Middle East (Lebanon, Tunisia, Sudan, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Somalia, the Gulf countries) are not through a form of liberation, but take the negotiations, the mass strikes, demonstrations and civil disobedience. Egypt is non-violent struggle to win an early example of liberation. Against citizens of the United Kingdom occupying public not cooperative movement started and continued for several months. This is Egypt's history famous 1919 revolution. As a peace movement, which brought together 100 million signature requirements Egypt independence. Some leaders of the petition to be held in Versailles summed up the first world war by the peace conference. Faced with the challenge of their rule, the United Kingdom to resist this movement and stopped these leaders not SaadZaghlul let them to leave Egypt to attend peace conference. But this move provoked widespread protests. United Kingdom and leader of the people of Egypt will be banished to Malta, protest and thus become more widespread, almost led to the closure of factories throughout the country. In the end, United Kingdom accommodation, freeing up those leaders and allows them to Versailles. Two years later, in Egypt for independence and joined the League of Nations. Egypt's non-violent struggle of this so that Gandhi was impressed that his 20 years in South Africa launched a campaign to fight for civil rights of non-violent movement, such as his own hometown realize autonomy for the conditions. He will be part of Egypt were absorbed into his non-violent struggle to understand the theory and practice, name not corporatism (Gandhi doctrine). A contemporary Middle Eastern non-violent struggle for example is the rise in the 1987 intifad, years of Palestine. Although world news agencies reported earlier will it become violent incidents, but against Israel's occupation of Gaza and the Jordan River in the West Bank Palestinian uprising is dependent on the degree of non-violent means. The Palestinian people through the economic pressure against Israel, such as the deduction of tax, consumption tax, tax, and hinder tourism, refused to provide cheap labor. Boycott Israel through merchandising and other companies export to Israel in the occupied territories, has made Israel economy since the occupation since the interrupt any growth, causing approximately 55 billion of losses. Non-violent struggle strategy also tied a large number of Israel Army to Israel's economy adds extra pressure. More favourable is the creation of the Palestinian people can select the social economy in the occupied territories to achieve greater independence provides convenient because parts of the industrial and agricultural production became more and more labour-intensive technology, allowing the Palestinians to make good use of their own have limited resources. In addition, Palestinian economic cooperation as a far-reaching factors occur, can also be opposed to the previous home of Israel's dominant position in the moral standards. In addition, because of the occupation authorities closed the schools and hospitals, small family unit of health and education agencies in meeting the needs of the neighborhood are developed under the conditions. In order to absorb the person no longer employed in Israel, of the labour force of the labour market is taking shape. The contemporary Middle East these examples demonstrated in the current conflict in non-violent political struggles of the real possibilities. This region as irreparable violence-ridden images and type, to a certain extent, is recognized. On the other hand and another traditional appears in the Middle East people's collective repertoire. Although the non-violent political struggles also rarely to be perceived, but it is at least this area provides a solution to the conflict with the armed struggle equally effective method. Violence does not solve the 40 years of major conflicts in the Middle East this fact has been enhanced to take seriously to select instances of non-violent means. Non-violent political battle strategies in this area of expansion may through recourse to the Middle East culture and religion becomes easy to implement. No effect of violence lead to so many people were killed, a fact also reinforce these efforts. Human rights organizations have are being spread on the Arab land. In Egypt, Sudan, Tunisia, Jordan, Kuwait and Morocco in the West Bank, Trade Union and professional organizations are also seriously involved in thisEfforts. This professional organization in 1985 year Sudanese people with non-violent means to overthrow the military dictatorship is Numeiri played a key role. In addition, the Pan-Arab and pan-Islamic people's movement in the Iraq and Iran in 1988 and the Gulf of the cease-fire agreement accepted by the United Nations to play a part. Contribute to the study of alternative non-violent forms of meetings and seminars, including contributing to book this Conference, began to spread to the Arab intellectuals who make up the scenery. In Israel, immediate peace movement has the effect of its emergence is their own, region, international. Recently, the Palestine Liberation Organization's President Arafat declared hair ambulance specialists im non-violent solution to the Palestinian problem. Of courohio mesothelioma attorneyse, non-violent political struggle in the middle of the social and political strife to become a dominant theory and practice, there are still a long way to go. But its Foundation, traditions and needs are appropriate for sow this very important widespread belief seed provides fertile ground. Non-violent political campaigns are not passive nor submissive but as an effective means of conflict resolution, better people thought, because the faith of war and violence to our lesson is too much.